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General |
Many industries have become increasingly dependant on Ultrapure Water in
processing its products. Each application has its unique
maximum contaminants' level requirement. For example, among other
guidelines, Electronic Grade water for Semiconductor processing requires up to
18.3 mohm resistivity; and Reagent Grade water for WFI requires less
than 10 ppm total solids, TOC limit of 500 ppb, and Bacterial Count less than 100
CFU/ml, followed by Sterilization of the final product. High purity water is
obtained by further processing of the Reverse Osmosis permeate through a Polishing Loop.
Typical equipment required in a polishing loop include Second Stage RO Systems
(RO), Ion Exchangers (IE),
Electrodeionizers (EDI) and Ultraviolet Disinfection Systems
(UV).
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Polishing
Reverse Osmosis Systems
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Description
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Type |
Second stage
RO systems |
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Usage |
Polishing of
RO permeate to provide superior product water quality |
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Applications |
Ultrapure
water |
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Equipment |
Single or
multiple-train, depending on system capacity. Single or
double pass, depending on permeate quality requirements. Typical
system
consists of three main sections or subsystems; common Pretreatment,
Main Treatment consisting of single or multiple-train RO (or UF) subsystem, and a common
Post Treatment. |
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Capacity |
Varies,
depending on custom requirements and application |
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Features
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Pretreatment |
Customized
to condition RO permeate for further membrane treatment. May
include chemical treatment, vacuum degasifier, ultraviolet or
softening equipment |
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Main
Treatment |
Membrane
Separation Systems using high or standard rejection RO membrane
elements, (or UF membranes). Single or double-pass systems,
depending on permeate quality requirements. |
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Post
Treatment |
Customized,
for conditioning of the Main Treatment effluent (permeate).
May include chemical treatment, mixed bed demineralization, final
filtration and UV sterilization. |
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Instruments |
Locally
mounted primary
elements. Monitoring and Control Instruments are mounted on the Main Control Panel (MCP) |
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Controls |
PLC
controlling the entire plant sections. Typically located inside
the MCP |
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Advantages
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Design |
1.
Lower installation cost, less installation time, and easy piping
hookup
2. High corrosion resistance
3. Consistent permeate quality
4. Consistent reject quality |
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Operation |
Reliable;
lower capital cost |
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Performance |
Product
Resistivity exceeding 16 mohm.cm. Double-pass systems'
permeate meets PW and/or WFI standards. |
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Components
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Pressure Vessels |
FRP or
Stainless steel |
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Support
Structure |
FRP or CS epoxy painted or
powder coated, supporting the pressure vessel assemblies |
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Internals |
Corrosion
resistant PVC and/ or 316L SS |
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Piping |
1. Train mounted High Pressure
piping: Fabricated of Sch 10 -316L
SS, PVDF or Sch 80 PVC
2. Train mounted Low Pressure piping: Fabricated of Sch 10 -316L
SS, PVDF or Sch 80 PVC
3. Interconnecting piping: Fabricated of PVDF, Sch 80 PVC or
CPVC |
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Valves |
1. Control Valves:
Modulating, with
Pneumatic or Electrical Actuator
2. Auto Isolation Valves: Pneumatic or Electrical operator w/ Auto On-Off
control
3. Manual Valves: SS or Plastic, as required |
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Instruments |
Provided for
continuous monitoring and control of Flow, Pressure, Temperature,
Level and Analytical parameters, such as pH, Conductivity, ORP,
Turbidity, TOC, etc. |
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Controls |
Automatic
control via Programmable
Logic Controller (PLC), mounted inside the Main Control Panel (MCP) |
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Electrical |
Motor
Control Center (MCC), including motor starters and controls; Local
Starter Panels and Junction Boxes; Miscellaneous hardware |
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Options |
1.
Adjustable Frequency Drive (AFD) for the Medium Pressure Pump (MPP)
2. Data Acquisition and Monitoring System (DAQM) |
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Ion Exchangers
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Description |
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Type |
Mixed Bed
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Usage |
Polishing of
RO permeate to provide superior product water quality |
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Applications |
Ultrapure
water |
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Equipment |
Single
vessel containing mixed Cation and
Anion resins, in H-OH form. The unit is self contained with
face piping, valves, I&C's mounted on the same skid.
Multiple units can be used in parallel for increased capacities.
Resin regeneration is conducted in-place
using Caustic and Acid Regenerants |
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Capacity |
Varies,
depending on custom requirements and application |
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Features |
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Vessel |
Skid mounted.
100% Free
Board to allow for efficient backwash. Top and bottom head
Manway for easy inspection. |
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Regeneration |
Automatic,
allowing backwash, rinsing and resin mixing steps during Regeneration. |
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Instruments |
Locally
mounted, easy accessed |
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Controls |
PLC for
service and regeneration sequencing |
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Advantages |
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Design |
1.
Lower installation cost, less installation time, and easy piping
hookup
2. High corrosion resistance
3. Superior flow distribution |
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Operation |
Reliable;
lower capital cost |
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Performance |
Product
Resistivity exceeding 16 mohm.cm |
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Components |
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Vessel |
Designed per
sec VIII Div 1 ASME code, CS painted, Epoxy or Rubber lined |
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Support
Structure |
Structural
steel base, painted |
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Internals |
Corrosion
resistant PVC and/ or 316L SS |
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Piping |
External,
Internal and Interconnecting all Sch 80 PVC or Sch 10 316 |
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Valves |
BF Isolation
valves, Pneumatic or Electrical operator w/ Auto On-Off
control |
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Instruments |
Sight Glass;
In / Out pres. gauge, Inlet flow Indicating Transmitter, Effluent
Conductivity
Analyzer |
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Controls |
Programmable
Logic Controller (PLC), Local
or Remote mount |
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Electrical |
Local
Control Panel housing |
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Options |
1.
Differential Pressure Switch,
Effluent Na and SiO2
Analyzer, pH monitor
2. Caustic and Acid injection systems
3. Single or Duplex Air Blower for resin mixing. (Required if
oil-free plant air is not available) |
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Description |
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Type |
Electrodeionizer,
Modular design E-Cell Stacks |
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Usage |
Polishing of
RO permeate to provide superior product water quality |
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Applications |
Ultrapure
water |
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Equipment |
Self
contained complete integrated systems for Ultrapure water
production. The E-Cell Stack represents
the unit building block of the system. |
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Capacity |
Ranges from
25 gpm to 150 gpm |
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Features |
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Configuration |
The complete
system is configured in Stack and Rack arrangement |
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Operation |
Automatic, |
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Instruments |
Locally
mounted |
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Controls |
PLC, with
continuous monitoring of process parameters |
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Advantages |
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Design |
1. Modular,
providing flexibility to accommodate small and large capacities
2. Lower installation
cost, less installation time, and easy piping hookup
3. Withstands pressure up to 100 psig |
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Operation |
Simple;
Short startup time; No regeneration; No chemicals required, Lower
operating cost |
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Performance |
Robust;
90-95% Recovery rate; Wide range of feed water quality; Product
Resistivity exceeding 16 mohm.cm |
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Components |
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E-Cell
Stacks |
Each E-Cell
Stack is capable of producing 12.5 gpm of purified water |
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Concentrate
Pump |
Re-circulates
the concentrate back into the C chamber inlet. A percentage
of this flow is diverted to the raw water inlet for recovery and a
very small portion goes to waste |
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Piping |
Sch. 80 PVC
or Polypropylene |
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Valves |
For
Isolation of flow control |
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Instruments |
Flow Indicator
with Switch; Pressure Indicator; Resistivity or Cond. Meter |
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Controls |
PLC housed
in a Local Control Panel (LCP) for monitoring and control of
process parameter and safety shutdown. The LCP is equipped
with MMI |
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Electrical |
Electrical
Power Rectifier w/ 0-600 VDC variable voltage, and 0-4.5 Amp
variable current. Rectifier houses the Motor Starter of the
Recirc. Pump |
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Options |
Brine Pump,
required for systems with low conductivity feed water to maintain
suitable concentrate conductivity in the polishing loop |
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Description |
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Type |
Industrial-type
Ultraviolet Disinfection Systems |
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Usage |
Disinfection;
Effective control of microorganism contamination
1. Pre and Post RO, UF and MF Systems
2. Pre and Post Deionizers
3. Recirculation Loops |
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Applications |
Seawater
desalination, Brackish water systems, High purity water systems |
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Equipment |
Purifier
chamber containing UV lamp(s) and internal baffles. 316L SS
shell construction with flanged connections. |
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System
Capacity |
Ranges from
50 gpm to 600 gpm |
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Features |
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Configuration |
LED pilot
lights in geometric positioning to match UV chamber lamps.
Internal Baffles to prevent laminar flow, maximize turbulence and
microorganism destruction; UV sight or monitor port. |
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Operation |
No moving
parts. Hard glass type UV lamps rated for over 9,000 hours
of continuous use. Manual quartz sleeve cleaning system |
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Instruments |
Locally
mounted running time meter |
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Controls |
NEMA rated
power box with heavy duty On-Off switch |
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Advantages |
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Design |
1. Modular,
providing flexibility to accommodate small and large capacities
2. Lower installation
cost, less installation time, and easy piping hookup
3. Design pressure of 150
psig and up to 125 psig operating pressure |
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Operation |
Simple; No
moving parts; Complete water turbulence and maximum destruction of
microorganisms. |
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Performance |
More than
30,000 micro-watt sec/cm2 of 2537 Angstrom wavelength (254
Nanometer) of UV energy across fluid medium for 99.9% kill of
contaminating microorganisms |
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Components |
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UV Chamber |
316 SS,
Electro-polished and passivated to MIL Spec S-5002 on both
interior and exterior. Water tight vibration resistant
connections |
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UV Lamps |
High
intensity hard glass type. Each UV lamp is protected in a
high transmition pure-fused quartz sleeve for peak UV dosage |
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Piping |
150-lb, 316
SS Flange connections in inlet and outlet |
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Valves |
1/4"
Sample ports on inlet and outlet |
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Instruments |
UV sight or
monitor port; Running time meter |
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Controls |
PLC housed
in a Local Control Panel (LCP) for monitoring and control of
process parameter and safety shutdown. The LCP is equipped
with MMI |
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Electrical |
NEMA rated
power box with heavy duty On-Off switch |
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Options |
1.
PVDF lining
2. High temperature safety cut-off switch
3. Narrow band germicidal UV Monitor senses over 90% 2537 A
germicidal wavelength.
4. Automatic timer controlled quartz sleeve cleaning system
5. 100% redundancy with automatic switch-over |
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